|
Feminism typically refers to gender equality especially with respect to rights for female humans,〔''Oxford English Dictionary'' (online), as accessed September 22, 2013, entry ''feminism'', noun (Full entry), sense 3.〕 even though many feminist movements and ideologies differ on exactly which claims and strategies are vital and justifiable to achieve equality. However, equality, while supported by most feminists, is not universally seen as the required result of the feminist movement, even by feminists. Some consider it feminist to increase the rights of women from an origin that is less than man's without obtaining full equality.〔Wollstonecraft, Mary, ''A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'', in ed. Deidre Shauna Lynch, ''Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: An Authoritative Text Backgrounds and Contexts Criticism'' (N.Y.: W.W. Norton (Norton Critical Ed. ser.), 2009 (ISBN 978-0-393-92974-4)), p. 158 (in ch. II, ''The Prevailing Opinion of a Sexual Character Discussed'') (§ ''The Text of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects'') (ed. prof. & assoc. prof. Eng., Univ. of Toronto).〕〔Echols, Alice, ''Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America 1967–1975'' (Minneapolis, Minn.: Univ. of Minnesota Press (American Culture ser.), 1989 (ISBN 0-8166-1787-2)), pp. 144 & 289 (oral history) (author was visiting asst. prof. of history at Univ. of Ariz. at Tucson) (citing, in ''id.'', p. 289 n. 14, Snitow, Ann, ''Retrenchment vs. Transformation: The Politics of the Anti-Pornography Movement'', in ''Caught Looking: Feminism, Pornography and Censorship'' (N.Y.: Caught Looking, 1986), pp. 11–12) (Ann Snitow was a brigade founder of N.Y. Radical Feminists, per pp. 384 & 388).〕 Their premise is that some gain of power is better than nothing. At the other end of the continuum, a minority of feminists have argued that women should set up at least one women-led society and some institutions.〔Andrea Dworkin: ("Take No Prisoners", in ''The Guardian'', May 13, 2000 ), as accessed September 6, 2010.〕〔Phyllis Chesler: Spender, Dale, ''For the Record: The Making and Meaning of Feminist Knowledge'' (London: The Women's Press, 1985 (ISBN 0-7043-2862-3)), p. 151 (on institutions) but see p. 214 (antibureaucratic). Chesler, Phyllis, ''Women and Madness'' (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1972 (ISBN 0-385-02671-4)), pp. 298-299 (author asst. prof., psychology dep't, Richmond Coll.).〕 Freedom is sought by those among feminists who believe that equality is undesirable or irrelevant, although some equate gaining an amount of freedom equal to that of men to the pursuit of equality, thus joining those who claim equality as central to feminism.〔Zerilli, Linda M. G., ''Feminism and the Abyss of Freedom'' (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2005 (ISBN 0-226-98133-9)), ''passim'', esp. p. 96 & nn. 11–15〕〔Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, ''What is "Feminism"?'', in ''The Sunday Herald'', Sep. 3, 1916, () ''Magazine'', p. () (§ ), of ''The Boston Herald'' (Boston, Mass.).〕 == Agreement on definition == According to Tilburg University women's studies chair Tineke M. Willemsen, "()t is hardly even possible to give a definition of feminism that every feminist will agree with."〔Willemsen, Tineke M., ''Feminism and Utopias: An Introduction'', in Lenning, Alkeline van, Marrie Bekker, & Ine Vanwesenbeeck, eds., ''Feminist Utopias: In a Postmodern Era'' (Tilburg Univ. Press, 1997 (ISBN 90-361-9747-3)), p. 5 (Willemsen chair women's studies, Tilburg Univ., & social psychologist, ed. Lenning asst. prof. women's studies, Tilburg Univ., ed. Bekker asst. prof. women's studies & health psychology, Tilburg Univ., ed. Vanwesenbeeck asst. prof. women's studies, Tilburg Univ., & program leader, "area Gender, Sexuality and Relations (IPS)", Netherlands Institute of Social Sexological Research).〕 Bronwyn Winter has criticized resistance to defining ''feminism'' for specialists and nonspecialists, a resistance "so widespread as to appear to be the dominant feminist theoretical position: a sort of 'non-position'."〔(Winter, Bronwyn, ''Who Counts (or Doesn't Count) What as Feminist Theory?: An Exercise in Dictionary Use'', in ''Feminist Theory'', vol. 1, no. 1 (April, 2000) ), as accessed Apr. 5, 2012 (possibly via different URL), p. 106 (internal single quotation marks so in original) (DOI 10.1177/14647000022229092) (author lecturer, dep't French studies, Univ. of Sydney, Australia) (subscription may be required for online access).〕 However, definitions have been offered in feminist literature and practice. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「feminism and equality」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|